Historical demography deals with population dynamics prior to and during early phases of industrialization. Using family reconstruction historical methodology, demographers have found partial answers to Malthusian questions revolving around mortality and fertility rates in religious records yielding estimates for marriage, life expectancy and reproduction within marriage. Employing cause of death estimates and Hutterite index measures for the proportion of women married and the level of their reproduction within marriage, historical demographers have developed tentative answers to demographic transition queries. Historical demography has contributed much to our understanding of historical population dynamics.